The Anti-Cardiolipin Antibodies (IgG/IgM) test is a blood test used to detect autoantibodies that target cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes. These antibodies are part of the diagnostic criteria for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation in veins or arteries) and pregnancy complications such as recurrent miscarriage, stillbirth, or preeclampsia.
The test measures two isotypes: IgG and IgM, with persistent IgG presence (especially at high levels) having greater clinical significance in confirming APS. In addition to APS, these antibodies may also be present in autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or in transient infections like HIV and hepatitis.
A definitive diagnosis requires the antibodies to be positive on two separate occasions at least 12 weeks apart, in conjunction with clinical manifestations (such as thrombosis or pregnancy complications).
The primary method of detection is ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), and the antibody titer (low, medium, or high) helps assess the level of risk. Management typically involves anticoagulant therapy (e.g., warfarin) or antiplatelet treatment to prevent life-threatening complications.
Interpretation of results should be done cautiously and alongside other APS markers, such as the presence of lupus anticoagulant.
